WHAT PART OF THE EARTH IS INHABITED

Latine · Mayhoff 1906

Iam primum in dimidio conputari videtur, tamquam nulla portio ipsi decedat oceano, qui toto circumdatus medio et omnes ceteras fundens recipiensque aquas et quicquid exit in nubes ac sidera ipsa tot ac tantae magnitudinis pascens, quo tandem amplitudinis spatio credetur habitare? inproba et infinita debet esse tam vastae molis possessio. adde quod ex relicto plus abstulit caelum. nam cum sint eius quinque partes, quas vocant zonas, infesto rigore et aeterno gelu premitur omne, quicquid est subiectum duabus extremis utrimque circa vertices, hunc, qui trionum septem vocatur, eumque, qui adversus illi austrinus appellatur. perpetua caligo utrobique et alieno molliorum siderum adspectu maligna ac pruina tantum albicans lux. verum media terrarum, qua solis orbita est, exusta flammis et cremata comminus vapore torretur. circa duae tantum inter exustam et rigentes temperantur eaeque ipsae inter se non perviae propter incendium siderum. ita terrae tres partes abstulit caelum; oceani rapina in incerto est. sed et relicta nobis una portio haud scio an etiam in maiore damno sit, idem siquidem oceanus infusus in multos, ut dicemus, sinus adeo vicino accessu interna maria adlatrat, ut centum quindecim milibus passuum Arabicus sinus distet ab Aegyptio mari, Caspius vero CCCLXXV a Pontico, idem interfusus intrat per tot maria, quibus Africam, Europam, Asiam dispescit, ut quantum terrarum occupet? conputetur etiamnum mensura tot fluminum, tantarum paludium, addantur et lacus, stagna, iam elata in caelum et ardua aspectu quoque iuga, iam silvae vallesque praeruptae et solitudines ac mille causis deserta; detrahantur hae tot portiones terrae, immo vero, ut plures tradidere, mundi puncto (neque enim aliud est terra in universo): haec est materia gloria nostrae, haec sedes. hic honores gerimus, hic exercemus imperia, hic opes cupimus, hic tumultuamur humanum genus, hic instauramus bella etiam civilia mutuisque caedibus laxiorem facimus terram! et, ut publicos gentiumfurores transeam, haec, in qua conterminos pellimus furtoque vicini caespitem nostro solo adfodimus, ut, qui latissime rura metatus fuerit ultraque famam exegerit adcolas, quota terrarum parte gaudeat vel, cum ad mensuram avaritiae suae propagaverit, quam tandem portionem eius defunctus obtineat?

English · Bostock & Riley 1855–57

In the first place, then, it appears, that this should be estimated at half the globe, as if no portion of this half was encroached upon by the ocean. But surrounding as it does the whole of the land, pouring out and receiving all the other waters, furnishing whatever goes to the clouds, and feeding the stars themselves, so numerous and of such great size as they are, what a great space must we not suppose it to occupy! This vast mass must fill up and occupy an infinite extent. To this we must add that portion of the remainder which the heavens take from us. For the globe is divided into five parts, termed zones, and all that portion is subject to severe cold and perpetual frost which is under the two extremities, about each of the poles, the nearer of which is called the north, and the opposite the south, pole. In all these regions there is perpetual darkness, and, in consequence of the aspect of the milder stars being turned from them, the light is malignant, and only like the whiteness which is produced by hoar frost. The middle of the earth, over which is the orbit of the sun, is parched and burned by the flame, and is consumed by being so near the heat. There are only two of the zones which are temperate, those which lie between the torrid and the frigid zones, and these are separated from each other, in consequence of the scorching heat of the heavenly bodies. It appears, therefore, that the heavens take from us three parts of the earth; how much the ocean steals is uncertain.

And with respect to the part which is left us, I do not know whether that is not even in greater danger. This same ocean, insinuating itself, as I have described it, into a number of bays, approaches with its roaring so near to the inland seas, that the Arabian Gulf is no more than 115 miles from the Egyptian Sea, and the Caspian only 375 miles from the Euxine. It also insinuates itself into the numerous seas by which it separates Africa, Europe, and Asia; hence how much space must it occupy? We must also take into account the extent of all the rivers and the marshes, and we must add the lakes and the pools. There are also the mountains, raised up to the heavens, with their precipitous fronts; we must also subtract the forests and the craggy valleys, the wildernesses, and the places, which, from various causes, are desert. The vast quantity which remains of the earth, or rather, as many persons have considered it, this speck of a world (for the earth is no more in regard to the universe), this is the object, the seat of our glory—here we bear our honours, here we exercise our power, here we covet wealth, here we mortals create our disturbances, here we continually carry on our wars, aye, civil wars, even, and unpeople the earth by mutual slaughter. And not to dwell on public feuds, entered into by nations against each other, here it is that we drive away our neighbours, and enclose the land thus seized upon within our own fence; and yet the man who has most extended his boundary, and has expelled the inhabitants for ever so great a distance, after all, what mighty portion of the earth is he master of? And even when his avarice has been the most completely satisfied, what part of it can he take with him into the grave?