CILICIA AND THE ADJOINING NATIONS

Latine · Mayhoff 1906

Sed redeamus ad oram Syriae, cui proxima est Cilicia. flumen Diaphanes, mons Crocodilus, Portae Amani montis, flumina Androcus, Pinarus, Lycus, sinus Issicus, oppidum Issos, item Alexandria, flumen Chlorus, oppidum Aegaeae liberum, amnis Pyramus, Portae Ciliciae, oppida Mallos, Magirsos et intus Tarsos. campi Alei, oppida Casyponis, Mopsos liberum, Pyramo inpositum, Tyros, Zephyrium, Anchiale. amnes Saros, Cydnos, Tarsum liberam urbem procul a mari secans. regio Celenderitis cum oppido, locus Nymphaeum, Soloe Cilicii, nunc Pompeiopolis, Adana, Cibyra, Pinare, Pedalie, Alae, Selinus, Arsinoe, Iotape, Dorion iuxtaque mare Corycos, eodem nomine oppidum et portus et specus. mox flumen Calycadnus, promunturium Sarpedon, oppida Holmoe, Myle, promunturium et oppidum Veneris, a quo proxime Cyprus insula. sed in continente oppida Mysanda, Anemurium, Coracesium, finisque antiquus Ciliciae Melas amnis. intus autem dicendi Anazarbeni, qui nunc Caesarea, Augusta, Castabala, Epiphania, quae ante Oeniandos, Elëusa, Iconium, Seleucia supra amnem Calycadnum, Tracheotis cognomine, ab mari relata ubi vocabatur Hermia. praeterea intus flumina Liparis, Bombos, Paradisus, mons Imbarus.

Ciliciae Pamphyliam omnes iunxere neglecta gente Isaurica. oppida eius intus Isaura, Clibanus, Lalasis; decurrit autem ad mare Anemuri e regione supra dicti. simili modo omnibus, qui eadem composuere, ignorata est contermina illi gens Omanadum, quorum intus oppidum Omana. cetera castella XLIIII inter asperas convalles latent.

Insident verticem Pisidae, quondam appellati Solymi, quorum colonia Caesarea, eadem Antiochia. oppida Oroanda, Sagalessos.

Hos includit Lycaonia, in Asiaticam iurisdictionem versa, cum qua conveniunt Philomelienses, Tymbriani, Leucolithi, Pelteni, Tyrienses. datur et tetrarchia ex Lycaonia, qua parte Galatiae contermina est, civitatium XIIII, urbe celeberrima Iconio. ipsius Lycaoniae celebrantur Thebasa in Tauro, Ide in confinio Galatiae atque Cappadociae. a latere autem eius super Pamphyliam veniunt Thracum suboles Milyae, quorum Arycanda oppidum.

Pamphylia ante Mopsopia appellata est. mare Pamphylium Cilicio iungitur. oppida Side et in monte Aspendum, Plantanistum, Perga. promunturium Leucolla, mons Sardemisus. amnes Eurymedon, iuxta Aspendum fluens, Catarractes, iuxta quem Lyrnesus et Olbia ultimaque eius orae Phaselis.

lunctum mare Lycium est gensque Lycia, unde vastus sinus. Taurus mons, ab Eois veniens litoribus, Chelidonio promunturio disterminat, inmensus ipse et innumerarum gentium arbiter, dextro latere septentrionalis, ubi primum ab Indico mari exsurgit, laevo meridianus et ad occasum tendens mediamque distrahens Asiam, nisi opprimenti terras occurrerent maria. resilit ergo ad septentriones flexusque inmensum iter quaerit, velut de industria rerum natura subinde aequora opponente, hinc Phoenicium, hinc Ponticum, illinc Caspium et Hyrcanium contraque Maeotium lacum. torquetur itaque collisus inter haec claustra et tamen victor flexuosus evadit usque ad cognata Ripaeorum montium iuga, numerosis nominibus et novis, quacumque incedit, insignis: Imaus prima parte dictus, mox Emodus, Paropanisus, Circius, Cambades, Pariades, Choatras, Oreges, Oroandes, Niphates, Taurus atque, ubi se quoque exuperat, Caucasus, ubi brachia emittit subinde temptanti maria similis, Sarpedon, Coracesius,Cragus, iterumque Taurus, etiam ubi dehiscit seque populis aperit, Portarum tamen nomine unitatem sibi vindicans, quae aliuli Armeniae, aliubi Caspiae, aliubi Ciliciae vocantur. quin etiam confractus, effugiens quoque maria, plurimis se gentium nominibus hinc et illinc implet, a dextra Hyrcanius, Caspius, a laeva Parihedrus, Moschicus, Amazonicus, Coraxicus, Scythicus appellatus, in universum vero Graece Ceraunius.

In Lycia igitur a promunturio eius oppidum Simena, mons Chimaera, noctibus flagrans, Hephaestium civitas, et ipsa saepe flagrantibus iugis. oppidum Olympus ibi fuit, nunc sunt montana Gagae, Corydalla, Rhodiopolis. iuxta mare Limyra cum amne, in quem Arycandus influit, mons Masicytus, Andria civitas, Myra, oppida Aperlae et Antiphellos, quae quondam Habesos, atque in recessu Phellos. dein Pyrrha, item Xanthus, a mari XV, flumenque eodem nomine. deinde Patara, quae prius Pataros, et in monte Sidyma, promunturium Cragus. ultra par sinus priori; ibi Pinara et quae Lyciam finit Telmesus. Lycia LXX quondam oppida habuit, nunc XXXVI habet. ex his celeberrima praeter supra dicta Canas, Candyba, ubi laudatur Eunias nemus, Podalia, Choma praefluente Aedesa, Cyaneae, Ascandiandalis, Amelas, Noscopium, Tlos, Telandrus. conprehendit in mediterraneis et Cabaliam, cuius tres urbes Oenianda, Balbura, Bubon. a Telmeso Asiaticum mare sive Carpathium et quae proprie vocatur Asia. in duas eam partes Agrippa divisit: unam inclusit ab oriente Phrygia et Lycaonia, ab occidente Aegaeo mari, a meridie Aegyptio, a septentrione Paphlagonia; huius longitudinem CCCCLXX, latitudinem CCCXX fecit. alteram determinavit ab oriente Armenia Minore, ab occidente Phrygia, Lycaonia, Pamphylia, a septentrione provincia Pontica, a meridie mari Pamphylio, longam DLXXV, latam CCCXXV.

In proxima ora Caria est, mox Ionia, ultra eam Aeolis. Caria mediae Doridi circumfunditur, ad mare utroque latere ambiens. in ea promunturium Pedalium, amnis Glaucus, deferens Telmedium, oppida Daedala, Crya fugitivorum, flumen Axon, oppidum Calynda.

English · Bostock & Riley 1855–57

But let us now return to the coast of Syria, joining up to which is Cilicia. We here find the river Diaphanes, Mount Crocodilus, the Gates of Mount Amanus, the rivers Androcus, Pinarus, and Lycus, the Gulf of Issos, and the town of that name; then Alexandria, the river Chlorus, the free town of Ægæ, the river Pyramus, the Gates of Cilicia, the towns of Mallos and Magarsos, and, in the interior, Tarsus. We then come to the Aleian Plains, the town of Cassipolis, Mopsos, a free town on the river Pyramus, Thynos, Zephyrium, and Anchiale. Next to these are the rivers Saros and Cydnus, the latter of which, at some distance from the sea, runs through the free city of Tarsus, the region of Celenderitis with a town of similar name, the place where Nymphæum stood, Soli of Cilicia, now called Pompeiopolis, Adana, Cibyra, Pinare, Pedalie, Ale, Selinus, Arsinoë, Iotape, Doron, and, near the sea, Corycos, there being a town, port, and cave all of the same name. Passing these, we come to the river Calycadnus, the Promontory of Sarpedon, the towns of Holmœ and Myle, and the Promontory and town of Venus, at a short distance from the island of Cyprus. On the mainland there are the towns of Myanda, Anemurium, and Coracesium, and the river Melas, the ancient boundary of Cilicia. In the interior the places more especially worthy of mention are Anazarbus, now called Cæsarea, Augusta, Castabala, Epiphania, formerly called Œniandos, Eleusa, Iconium, Seleucia upon the river Calycadnus, surnamed Tracheotis, a city removed from the sea-shore, where it had the name of Holmia. Besides those already mentioned, there are in the interior the rivers Liparis, Bombos, Paradisus, and Mount Imbarus.

All the geographers have mentioned Pamphylia as joining up to Cilicia, without taking any notice of the people of Isauria. Its cities are, in the interior, Isaura, Clibanus, and Lalasis; it runs down towards the sea by the side of Anemurium already mentioned. In a similar manner also, all who have treated of this subject have been ignorant of the existence of the nation of the Homonades bordering upon Isauria, and their town of Homona in the interior. There are forty-four other fortresses, which lie concealed amid rugged crags and valleys.

The Pisidæ, formerly called the Solymi, occupy the higher parts of the mountains. In their country there is the colony of Cæsarea, also called Antiochia, and the towns of Oroanda and Sagalessos.

These people are bounded by Lycaonia, which belongs to the jurisdiction of the province of Asia, to which also resort the people of Philomelium, Tymbrium, Leucolithium, Pelta, and Tyrium. To this jurisdiction is also added a Tetrarchy of Lycaonia in that part which joins up to Galatia, containing fourteen states, with the famous city of Iconium. In Lycaonia itself the most noted places are Thebasa on Taurus, and Hyde, on the confines of Galatia and Cappadocia. On the [western] side of Lycaonia, and above Pamphylia, come the Milyæ, a people descended from the Thracians; their city is Arycanda.

The former name of Pamphylia was Mopsopia. The Pamphylian Sea joins up to that of Cilicia. The towns of Pamphylia are Side, Aspendum, situate on the side of a mountain, Pletenissum, and Perga. There is also the Promontory of Leucolla, the mountain of Sardemisus, and the rivers Eurymedon, which flows past Aspendus, and Catarrhactes, near to which is Lyrnesus: also the towns of Olbia, and Phaselis, the last on this coast.

Adjoining to Pamphylia is the Sea of Lycia and the country of Lycia itself, where the chain of Taurus, coming from the eastern shores, terminates the vast Gulf by the Promontory of Chelidonium. Of immense extent, and separating nations innumerable, after taking its first rise at the Indian Sea, it branches off to the north on the right-hand side, and on the left towards the south. Then taking a direction towards the west, it would cut through the middle of Asia, were it not that the seas check it in its triumphant career along the land. It accordingly strikes off in a northerly direction, and forming an arc, occupies an immense tract of country, nature, designedly as it were, every now and then throwing seas in the way to oppose its career; here the Sea of Phœnicia, there the Sea of Pontus, in this direction the Caspian and Hyrcanian, and then, opposite to them, the Lake Mæotis. Although somewhat curtailed by these obstacles, it still winds along between them, and makes its way even amidst these barriers; and victorious after all, it then escapes with its sinuous course to the kindred chain of the Riphæan mountains. Numerous are the names which it bears, as it is continuously designated by new ones throughout the whole of its course. In the first part of its career it has the name of Imaüs, after which it is known successively by the names of Emodus, Paropanisus, Circius, Cambades, Paryadres, Choatras, Oreges, Oroandes, Niphates, Taurus, and, where it even out-tops itself, Caucasus. Where it throws forth its arms as though every now and then it would attempt to invade the sea, it bears the names of Sarpedon, Coracesius, Cragus, and then again Taurus. Where also it opens and makes a passage to admit mankind, it still claims the credit of an unbroken continuity by giving the name of “Gates” to these passes, which in one place are called the “Gates of Armenia,” in another the “Gates of the Caspian,” and in another the “Gates of Cilicia.” In addition to this, when it has been cut short in its onward career, it retires to a distance from the seas, and covers itself on the one side and the other with the names of numerous nations, being called, on the right-hand side the Hyrcanian and the Caspian, and on the left the Paryadrian, the Moschian, the Amazonian, the Coraxican, and the Scythian chain. Among the Greeks it bears the one general name of Ceraunian.

In Lycia, after leaving its promontory, we come to the town of Simena, Mount Chimæra, which sends forth flames by night, and the city of Hephæstium, the heights above which are also frequently on fire. Here too formerly stood the city of Olympus; now we find the mountain places known as Gagæ, Corydalla, and Rhodiopolis. Near the sea is Limyra with a river of like name, into which the Arycandus flows, Mount Masycites, the state of Andriaca, Myra, the towns of Aperræ and Antiphellos, formerly called Habessus, and in a corner Phellos, after which comes Pyrra, and then the city of Xanthus, fifteen miles from the sea, as also a river known by the same name. We then come to Patara, formerly Pataros, and Sidyma, situate on a mountain. Next comes the Promontory of Cragus, and beyond it a gulf, equal to the one that comes before it; upon it are Pinara, and Telmessus, the frontier town of Lycia.

Lycia formerly contained seventy towns, now it has but thirty-six. Of these, the most celebrated, besides those already mentioned, are Canas, Candyba, so celebrated for the Œnian Grove, Podalia, Choma, past which the river Ædesa flows, Cyaneæ, Ascandalis, Amelas, Noscopium, Tlos, and Telandrus. It includes also in the interior the district of Cabalia, the three cities of which are Œnianda, Balbura, and Bubon.

On passing Telmessus we come to the Asiatic or Carpathian Sea, and the district which is properly called Asia. Agrippa has divided this region into two parts; one of which he has bounded on the east by Phrygia and Lycaonia, on the west by the Ægean Sea, on the south by the Egyptian Sea, and on the north by Paphlagonia, making its length to be 473 miles and its breadth 320. The other part he has bounded by the Lesser Armenia on the east, Phrygia, Lycaonia, and Pamphylia on the west, the province of Pontus on the north, and the Sea of Pamphylia on the south, making it 575 miles in length and 325 in breadth.

Upon the adjoining coast is Caria, then Ionia, and beyond it Æolis. Caria surrounds Doris, which lies in the middle, and runs down on both sides of it to the sea. In it is the Promontory of Pedalium, the river Glaucus, into which the Telmedium discharges itself, the towns of Dædala, Crya, peopled by fugitives, the river Axon, and the town of Calynda.