OF THE NATURE OF THE STARS; OF THE MOTION OF THE PLANETS

Latine · Mayhoff 1906

Hinc redeamus ad reliqua naturae. sidera, quae adfixa diximus mundo, non illa, ut existimat volgus, singulis attributa nobis et clara divitibus, minora pauperibus, obscura defectis ac pro sorte cuiusque lucentia adnumerata mortalibus, cum suo quaeque homine orta moriuntur nec aliquem exstingui decidua significant. non tanta caelo societas nobiscum est, ut nostro fato mortalis sit ibi quoque siderum fulgor. illa nimio alimento tracti umoris ignea vi abundantiam reddunt, cum decidere creduntur, ut apud nos quoque luminibus accensis liquore olei notamus accidere. ceterum aeterna caelestibus est natura intexen- tibus mundum intextuque concretis, potentia autem ad terram magnopere eorum pertinens, quae propter effectus claritatemque et magnitudinem in tanta subtilitate nosci potuerunt, sicut suo demonstrabimus loco. circulorum quoque caeli ratio in terrae mentione aptius dicetur, quando ad eam tota pertinet, signiferi modo inventoribus non dilatis. obliquitatem eius intellexisse, hoc est rerum fores aperuisse, Anaximander Milesius traditur primus Olympiade quinquagesima octava, signa deinde in eo Cleostratus, et prima arietis ac sagittarii, sphaeram ipsam ante multo Atlas.

Nunc relicto mundi ipsius corpore reliqua inter caelum terrasque tractentur. summum esse quod vocant Saturni sidus ideoque minimum videri et maximo ambire circulo ac tricesimo anno ad brevissima sedis suae principia regredi certum est, omnium autem errantium siderum meatus, interque ea solis et lunae, contrarium mundo agere cursum, id est laevum, illo semper in dextra praecipiti. et quamvis adsidua conversione immensae celeritatis attollantur ab eo rapianturque in occasum, adverso tamen ire motu per suos quaeque passus. ita fieri, ne convolutus aer eandem in partem aeterna mundi vertigine ignavo globo torpeat, sed fundatur adverso siderum verbere discretus et digestus. Saturni autem sidus gelidae ac rigentis esse naturae, multumque ex eo inferiorem Iovis circulum et ideo motu celeriore duodenis circumagi annis. tertium Martis, quod quidam Herculis vocant, igne ardens solis vicinitate, binis fere annis converti, ideoque huius ardore nimio et rigore Saturni, interiectum ambobus, ex utroque temperari Iovem salutaremque fieri. deinde solis meatum esse partium quidem trecentarum sexaginta, sed ut observatio umbrarum eius redeat ad notas, quinos annis dies adici superque quartam partem diei. quam ob causam quinto anno unus intercalarius dies additur, ut temporum ratio solis itineri congruat.

Infra solem ambit ingens sidus appellatum Veneris, alterno meatu vagum ipsisque cognominibus aemulum solis ac lunae. praeveniens quippe et ante matutinum exoriens luciferi nomen accepit ut sol alter diemque maturans, contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur vesper ut prorogans lucem vicemve lunae reddens. quam naturam eius Pythagoras Samius primus deprehendit Olympiade circiter XLII, qui fuit urbis Romae annus CXLII. iam magnitudine extra cuncta alia sidera est, claritatis quidem tantae, ut unius huius stellae radiis umbrae reddantur. itaque et in magno nominum ambitu est. alii enim lunonis, alii Isidis, alii Matris Deum appellavere. huius natura cuncta generantur in terris. namque in alterutro exortu genitali rore con- spergens non terrae modo conceptus inplet, verum animantium quoque omnium stimulat. signiferi autem ambitum peragit trecenis et duodequinquagenis diebus, a sole numquam absistens partibus sex atque quadraginta longius, ut Timaeo placet.

Simili ratione, sed nequaquam magnitudine aut vi, proximum illi Mercurii sidus, a quibusdam appellatum Apollinis, inferiore circulo fertur VIIII diebus ociore ambitu, modo ante solis exortum, modo post occasum splendens, numquam ab eo XXII parlibus remotior, ut Cidenas et Sosigenes docent. ideo et peculiaris horum siderum ratio est neque communis cum supra dictis. nam ea et quarta parte caeli a sole abesse et tertia, et adversa soli saepe cernuntur, maioresque alios habent cuncta plenae conversionis ambitus in magni anni ratione dicendos.

English · Bostock & Riley 1855–57

Let us return from this digression to the other parts of nature. The stars which are described as fixed in the heavens, are not, as the vulgar suppose, attached each of them to different individuals, the brighter to the rich, those that are less so to the poor, and the dim to the aged, shining according to the lot of the individual, and separately assigned to mortals; for they have neither come into existence, nor do they perish in connexion with particular persons, nor does a falling star indicate that any one is dead. We are not so closely connected with the heavens as that the shining of the stars is affected by our death. When they are supposed to shoot or fall, they throw out, by the force of their fire, as if from an excess of nutriment, the superabundance of the humour which they have absorbed, as we observe to take place from the oil in our lamps, when they are burning. The nature of the celestial bodies is eternal, being interwoven, as it were, with the world, and, by this union, rendering it solid; but they exert their most powerful influence on the earth. This, notwithstanding its subtilty, may be known by the clearness and the magnitude of the effect, as we shall point out in the proper place. The account of the circles of the heavens will be better understood when we come to speak of the earth, since they have all a reference to it; except what has been discovered respecting the Zodiac, which I shall now detail.

Anaximander the Milesian, in the 58th olympiad, is said to have been the first who understood its obliquity, and thus opened the road to a correct knowledge of the subject. Afterwards Cleostratus made the signs in it, first marking those of Aries and Sagittarius; Atlas had formed the sphere long before this time. But now, leaving the further consideration of this subject, we must treat of the bodies that are situated between the earth and the heavens.

It is certain that the star called Saturn is the highest, and therefore appears the smallest, that he passes through the largest circuit, and that he is at least thirty years in completing it. The course of all the planets, and among others of the Sun, and the Moon, is in the contrary direction to that of the heavens, that is towards the left, while the heavens are rapidly carried about to the right. And although, by the stars constantly revolving with immense velocity, they are raised up, and hurried on to the part where they set, yet they are all forced, by a motion of their own, in an opposite direction; and this is so ordered, lest the air, being always moved in the same direction, by the constant whirling of the heavens, should accumulate into one mass, whereas now it is divided and separated and beaten into small pieces, by the opposite motion of the different stars. Saturn is a star of a cold and rigid nature, while the orbit of Jupiter is much lower, and is carried round in twelve years. The next star, Mars, which some persons call Hercules, is of a fiery and burning nature, and from its nearness to the sun is carried round in little less than two years. In consequence of the excessive heat of this star and the rigidity of Saturn, Jupiter, which is interposed between the two, is tempered by both of them, and is thus rendered salutary. The path of the Sun consists of 360 degrees; but, in order that the shadow may return to the same point of the dial, we are obliged to add, in each year, five days and the fourth part of a day. On this account an intercalary day is given to every fifth year, that the period of the seasons may agree with that of the Sun.

Below the Sun revolves the great star called Venus, wandering with an alternate motion, and, even in its surnames, rivalling the Sun and the Moon. For when it precedes the day and rises in the morning, it receives the name of Lucifer, as if it were another sun, hastening on the day. On the contrary, when it shines in the west, it is named Vesper, as prolonging the light, and performing the office of the moon. Pythagoras, the Samian, was the first who discovered its nature, about the 62nd olympiad, in the 222nd year of the City. It excels all the other stars in size, and its brilliancy is so considerable, that it is the only star which produces a shadow by its rays. There has, consequently, been great interest made for its name; some have called it the star of Juno, others of Isis, and others of the Mother of the Gods. By its influence everything in the earth is generated. For, as it rises in either direction, it sprinkles everything with its genial dew, and not only matures the productions of the earth, but stimulates all living things. It completes the circuit of the zodiac in 348 days, never receding from the sun more than 46 degrees, according to Timæus.

Similarly circumstanced, but by no means equal in size and in power, next to it, is the star Mercury, by some called Apollo; it is carried in a lower orbit, and moves in a course which is quicker by nine days, shining sometimes before the rising of the sun, and at other times after its setting, but never going farther from it than 23 degrees, as we learn from Timæus and Sosigenes. The nature of these two stars is peculiar, and is not the same with those mentioned above, for those are seen to recede from the sun through one-third or one-fourth part of the heavens, and are often seen opposite to it. They have also other larger circuits, in which they make their complete revolutions, as will be described in the account of the great year.